LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 



DDDl c 13a3?ia 



LIBRA 



IOUGRESS. 






Shell 1 



UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 



The Two Great fluies at Gettpburj, 

Being Chapters I, II and III 



GETTYSBURG AND ITS MONUMENTS, 



By J. Howard Wert, A. M., 

Late Lieutenant of Pennsylvania Volunteers, Principal Boys' High 
School of Harrisburg, 

AUTHOR OF 

HANDBOOK OF GETTYSBURG, POEMS OF CAMP AND HEARTH, MYSTIC 

LEAGUE OF THREE, ALECTO AND EBONY, FIVE YEARS 

IN THE GRAVE, &C, &C, &C. 




HARRISBURG, PA. 

HARRISBURG PUBLISHING COMPANY. 
1890. 



This Book will be mailed, by the Author, to any 
address on receipt of Five Cents. 



..53 



Copyright, 1890, 
By J. Howard Wkrt. 



ANNOUNCEMENT. 

HE Author was the first historian of the Gettysburg 
battle-field to combine the story of the mighty con- 
flict with the monumental adornments which commemorate 
the heroism of those who there fought for the Starry Flag. 

This work appeared in 1886. Its large sales attested its 
popularity. The Author was happy to receive the warm 
commendations of hundreds of competent judges as to the 
excellence of the work. 

Having been thus recognized as the Historian of the 
Gettysburg Monuments, he has, ever since, as the work of 
beautifying the field has gone graridty on, continued to col- 
lect the material from which to form a Complete History 
of the Battle and All its Monuments, as soon as the 
work of decoration shall be substantially completed. 

This book will probably be issued early in 1891. 

He here presents the three opening chapters, in which will 
be found- a Systematized Eoster of information in regard 
to the composition of the "Army of the Potomac" and the 
"Army of Northern Virginia " that will be found, by all 
who are interested in the field, invaluable for reference. 

The completed work will contain a fine engraving of every 
Monument on the field, grouped in full page plates. Gener- 
ally the monuments of a brigade will form a page group. 

The chapters discussing the relative numbers present in 
each army and relative losses will be more complete than 
anything on those subjects that has appeared in any pre-\ 
vious work. J. Howard Wert, 

Nov. U, 1890. Harrisburg, Pa. 




Gapt. Jas. T- Ixoi^g, 

tjttye G^ide aijd Delineator, 

Makes daily tours over the entire Battlefield, and gives 
a full description of the battle from all points of inter- 
est. Universally endorsed by the press and public. 
Author of " Gettysburg— How the Battle was 
Fought." 

N. B.— Large delegations arranged for at short 
notice. Personal attention given to all parties com- 
mended to his charge. 

Address Gettysburg, Pa. 



CHAPTER I. 

Introductory. — Battle-Field Memorial Association. — 
Importance of the Battle. 

No battle-field of the Great Rebellion, none indeed of the 
world's history, is so visited yearly as is that of Gettysburg. But, 
great as has been the influx in the past, the tide has but fairly 
commenced. The future will behold visitors from every por- 
tion of the United States and the civilized world in numbers far 
surpassing what has yet been. 

There are several reasons for this. Each year deepens the ap- 
preciation of the fact that here was decided the destiny of the 
mightiest nation of history ; that this field was the turning-point 
of a war, the most remarkable and most important in its effects 
upon the future, of any the world has ever witnessed. Another 
reason for the constant increase of visitors, is the unsurpassed 
beauty of the situation and surroundings, and the improved fa- 
cilities recently afforded for reaching the famous battle-ground. 

The continually increasing National interest in this National 
Mecca led to the erection of hundreds of beautiful monumental 
memorials of the fierce strife. When once the work had been 
commenced, it was pushed forward with great rapidity and energy. 
The more the field was decorated with these works of art, the 
more powerful became the impulse of the traveler and patriot to 
visit or revisit the field of glory ; for, on no other battle-field of 
the world are so many monumental indications of the posi- 
tions of the various commands of the victorious army. Gettys- 
burg has become the World's Monumental Battle-Field. 



26 MONUMENTAL GETTYSBURG. 

As State after State and regiment after regiment went into 
the work of erecting monuments, beautiful in conception, artistic 
in design and-priceless in historic value, other States and regi- 
ments and batteries were impelled to vie with their comrades in 
the work of decoration and designation. State and regimental 
pride was aroused to tell the world the story of the valor of the 
Army of the Potomac ; so that now the battle-field of Gettysburg 
presents one continuous and unbroken chain of grandly executed 
works of art to perpetuate to unborn generations the positions of 
the three hundred and sixty organizations of the Union army 
that participated in a battle the most important on which the 
the sun ever shone. By babbling streams and amidst waving 
grain and grassy mead, marble and granite and brass blazon 
foith the heroism and commemorate the deeds of those who 
fought and of those who fell for union firm and undissolved. 

As the momentous interests involved in the battle of Gettys- 
burg, the magnitude of the hazard and the priceless results of 
the victory, are yearly more clearly appreciated, interest in all 
that pertains to the contest is ever increasing. All the varied 
movements of that fierce, terrific combat of giant armies led by 
giant minds, will continue, for ages, to be the subject of close in- 
vestigation and careful study. 

As a natural result of this fact, a vast amount of literature 
about the great struggle and the grounds upon which it was 
waged, has been issued from the press in every conceivable form. 
No battle of ancient or modern times has been so frequently de- 
scribed, and yet each new account of the whole or a portion of 
the contest finds eager readers. This literature has been of a 
varied character. Some of the most sublime word-paintings of 
the language are vivid portrayals of the great battle by eloquent 
writers, who saw the terrific panorama pass before their eyes, or 



W. W. TIPTOE, 

he J|Satfelefield|^h0t;©^rtapheif, 




g~(^ambersbur| Street, - Settysburg, pa. 



Headquarters for anything and everything in the way of 

Photographs of the Battlefield of Gettysburg, Souvenir 

Albums, Lantern Slides, Guide-Books and Maps. 

© q $ $ $ 

Photographs in every size of all Monuments 

on the field and of every point of interest. 

q $ $ 

Just issued, "GETTYSBURG BATTLEFIELD VIEWS," a new Dol- 
lar Souvenir Album, (double size,) containing 337 views of 
field and all monuments, arranged by States, with map. 
Agents wanted in every town, Post, and Camp. 
Send one dollar for sample copy and terms 
to agents. 
Address 

mt. h:. TIPTON, 

Gettysburg, Pa. 



28 MONUMENTAL GETTYSBURG. 

who bravely mingled in the fray. On the other hand we have 
had attempted descriptions, weak in wording and grossly inac- 
curate in facts. 

As the writer, during the three fierce days of conflict of July, 
1863, saw for miles along . right and left and centre, rows of 
heaped and mangled dead, he felt that the story of such valor 
should be perpetuated to the ages in the most tangible form. 
During the succeeding months of the hospital period, as he daily 
wandered over the different portions of the field, that feeling was 
strengthened. When, each succeeding summer, he renewed 
these old associations and strolled again and again over familiar 
scenes, it became so intensified, that it was to him a most grate- 
ful task to chronicle, a few years since, the commencement of the 
monumental adornment. He now gladly presents the consum- 
mation of a work which shall render Gettysburg a durable study 
to both soldier and civilian for all the ages of the future. 

This is a new and untrodden field of investigation. We pro- 
pose to give the reader a brief, but accurate description of all the 
monuments now dotting and adorning the peaceful plains and 
hill-slopes, once the scene of ruthless death, in a conflict that 
shook the earth and veiled the heavens with the smoke that 
arose from the carnival of carnage. We desire to present briefly 
the inception of the movement that led to the erection of these 
monuments, and the manner in which the conception was carried 
out by the various States. In passing from monument to. 
monument, we will clearly indicate the positions of the different 
commands and state the interesting points of the conflict con- 
nected with each location, endeavoring, in this way, to present 
a complete history of all the varied, shifting scenes of the battle, 
topographically arranged. 



INTRODUCTORY. 29 

This work is not penned to glorify anyone at the expense of 
others equally brave and equally worthy. It is a matter of re- 
gret that, too often, in the Union armies, the heart-burnings and 
jealousies of various commanders and others in authority were 
permitted to retard the march of the Federal cohorts to victory. 

It is high time that acrimonious and undignified recrimina- 
tions were dropped, and those who indulge in them frowned 
into obscurity. Let personal jealousies no longer be perpetuated. 
The martyred Lincoln beautifully said, in his own inimitable 
way ; " There is glory enough at Gettysburg to go all round." 
Believing with him, the author of this work intends to write 
history, not personal quarrels. Standing where the sod has been 
soaked with a sacrifice as sacred to God and humanity as that 
at Gettysburg, it would be impious to snatch the laurel wreath 
from any heroic brow. 



And — writing history — it will be the aim of this work to pre- 
sent fully the operations and deeds of valor of the Southern 
army ; for, thus, only, can the achievements of the Army of the 
Potomac be fully appreciated. The victory of Meade and his 
men shines all the more brightly, as we faithfully portray the 
efficiency and bravery of the Southern soldiery. They fought 
in a " Lost Cause." A reunited nation thanks God that such 
was the result. But, historic justice to both armies requires a 
full and faithful presentation of the military ability of the 
Southern leaders and the impetuous daring with which their 
men fought during the three days that have rendered the name 
of Gettysburg immortal. 



The Battle-field Memorial Association. 
The Battle-field Memorial Association has done a noble work 
in preserving the essential landmarks of the great conflict. It 



30 MONUMENTAL GETTYSBURG. 

was incorporated by the Legislature of Pennsylvania, April 30, 
1864. For years its active workers labored arduously, amid 
many discouragements, to make their aims generally known, and 
direct public and national interest to the preservation of the 
grounds as they were at the time of the bloody conflict Now, 
however, they have the satisfaction of enjoying a Nation's ap- 
probation. 

The Association has pressed steadily forward till it now controls 
for perpetual preservation all the prominent historic spots and 
great battle -centres of the field. It owns all or the greater por- 
tion of East Cemetery Hill, Culp's Hill, Spangler's Spring and 
the adjacent flats bordering on Rock Creek, Ziegler's Grove, the 
two Round Tops, the Wheat-field with adjacent groves and 
woods of the Rose farm, the grove where General Reynolds fell, 
the main battle-line of the first day on Seminary and adjacent 
ridges and through the Alms-house farm, as well as the entire 
Union line of battle of the left and left centre of the second 
and third days, being a total of about 450 acres. It also has 
the care of 40 acres at Devil's Den and the vicinity, the property 
of General S. Wylie Crawford, who fought over this ground with 
his Pennsylvania Reserves, and purchased it immediately after 
the battle. All this, however, is, relatively, but a small portion of 
the thirty square miles of territory over which surged for three 
days the crimson waves of the battle's appalling torrent * 

It was under the auspices of the Association that all the mon- 
umental structures have been reared. It has opened up 12 
miles of finely constructed avenues to reach the prominent 
points of historic interest. The States have generously aided its 
work by appropriations. Pennsylvania has given $36,000 ; New 
York, $20,000; Ohio and Massachusetts, each $5,000 ; New Jer- 

*The uiaiu infantry operations alone covered twenty-five square miles. 



McClellan * House, 

GETTYSBURG, FjPl. 



Simon J. Diller, Proprietor. 



GOOD LIVERY ATTACHED. 

Visitors to the Battlefield supplied with first-class 
Teams and intelligent Guides. 

Headquarters for League of American Wheelmen. 

Heated throughout with Steam. 

RATES, $2 per day. 

Convenient to both Railroads. 

Free Bus to and from all Trains. 



32 MONUMENTAL GETTYSBURG. 

sey, $3,000; Maine, Connecticut, and Michigan, each $2,500; 
Vermont and Wisconsin, each $1,500; New Hampshire, Rhode 
I.-land, Maryland, and Minnesota, each $1,000; Delaware, $500. 

Amongst its many energetic workers stands out conspicuously, 
for his untiring efforts, Col. John B. Bachelder, of Massachusetts, 
who has, ever since 1863, made this field a constant study, until 
he literally knows every inch of its surface. His interest in the 
objt cts of the association has never faltered. He has done more 
than any one man to direct national attention to Gettysburg. 

Great praise is also due Sergeant Nicholas G. Wilson, the ef- 
ficient local superintendent of the grounds. Amongst other ef- 
ficient local members may be mentioned Col. C. H. Buehler, 
vice-president; John M. Krauth, Esq., secretary ; J. Lawrence 
Schick, treasurer ; and Jacob A. Kitzmiller, Esq. 

The Governor of Pennsylvania is, ex-ofricio, president of the 
association. Many of the prominent officers who participated 
in the battle are or have been on the board of directors, includ- 
ing such men, as Generals Hancock, Slocum, Graham, Robinson, 
Stannard, Crawford, Fairchild, Barnum, Louis Wagner and 
Chas. L. Young, Col. Chill W. Hazzard, and Capt. Wm. E. Mil- 
ler, of Carlisle, Pa. The genial John M. Vanderslice has been 
conspicuous for his interest in the Association. 
' One of its most active and energetic laborers, Vice-President 
David A. Buehler, Esq., of Gettysburg, died January, 1887. It 
is safe to say that had it not been for his persistent and wisely 
dm cted efforts, the work of the Association would not have been 
the complete success which we are now recording. 



The Importance of the Gettysburg Battle. 
Gettysburg was the greatest battle of the war. It was the only 
great battle fought on free soil. Gettysburg and Vicksburg 



IMPORTANCE OF THE BATTLE. 33 

marked the turning-point of the rebellion. At Gettysburg, 
Southern valor reached its highest swell of daring, and from this 
point it ebbed until it reached the surrender of Appomattox. 
Had Shiloh or Stone River, Antietam or Chancellorsville, Bull 
Run or Fredericksburg gone differently, nothing would have 
been thereby decided. Had Gettysburg gone differently, we 
would, probably, have been two nations instead of one. In 
many respects Gettysburg resembles Waterloo ; but it was greater, 
more fiercely fought, and more momentous in its results. 

In the Union army, five generals were killed and fifteen 
wounded. In the Southern army, six were killed and thirteen 
w T ounded. Meade lost one-fourth of his mighty host; Lee, 
more than one-third. Of the Union loss, in a war which raged 
for four years over a territory the extremities of which were dis- 
tant thousands of miles — a war which included 892 fierce en- 
gagements — one-nineteenth fell at Gettysburg. Were every soul, 
from the babe just born to the octogenarian, in a city the size of 
Harrisburg, suddenly blotted out of existence or prostrated 
with disease, the number would scarcely equal the killed and 
wounded of the two armies on this one field. One-eighteenth 
of the free population of the U. S , able to bear arms, fought at 
Gettysburg. Ponder over these facts: grasp them, if you can. 



■ 
34 MONUMENTAL GETTYSBURG. 



CHAPTER II. 

Composition and Commanders of the Union Army. — The 
Sub-Divisions Engaged and their Officers. — The 
States Represented. — The Mode of Organization of 
the Different Arms of the Service. 

[Note. — Chapters II and III can be omitted by those who 
wish to pass directly on to the story of the battle and its 
monuments. Unless, however, already familiar with the 
sub-divisions of the two great armies, it would be well for 
all who wish to carefully study and to clearly understand 
the conflict, to give them an attentive perusal, and to refer to 
them, in connection with the description of each part of the 
fight.] 

The Battle of Gettysburg was fought, July 1st, 2d, and 3d, 
1863, between the Federal "Army of the Potomac" and the Con- 
federate "Army of Northern Virginia," composed of troops from 
States in rebellion against the United States. 



The Army of the Potomac 
Eighteen States were represented at Gettysburg, in the Union 
army, by 236 regiments of infantry, (or more properly by 236 
infantry organizations of various sizes from a company to a 
regiment,) 34 regiments or parts of regiments of calvary, and 47 
batteries of artillery. There were, in addition, 13 regiments of 
infantry, 4 of cavalry, and 26 batteries of the U. S. regular army; 
making a total of 360 organizations. 



army of the potomac. 
Tabulated Roster. 



35 



States. 



e»1 


«4_ 




o 


o 


o . 


to >> 


cc .* 


>> 








C £ 




<X> 0) 


v g 


<U S3 


"r* — 


—1 ^K- 


J 5 

WO 


atte 
Arti 


tf 


tf 


pq 



Connecticut, .... 

Delaware, 

Illinois, 

Indiana, 

Maine, 

Maryland, 

Massachusetts, .... 

Michigan, 

Minnesota, 

New Jersey, 

New Hampshire, . . . 

New York, 

Ohio, 

Pennsylvania, .... 
Rhode Island, .... 

Vermont, 

West Virginia, .... 

Wisconsin 

United States Regulars, 

Total, 



5 




3 


2 






1 


2 




5 


2 




10 


1 


3 


o 


2 


1 


19 


1 


4 


i 

1 
12 


4 


1 


1 


2 


3 




1 


69 


7 


15 


13 


2 


4 


68 


9 


7 


] 




5 


10 


1 




1 


2 


1 


6 






13 


4 


26 


249 


33 


73 



8 

2 

3 

7 

14 

6 

24 

12 

1 

15 

4 

91 

19 

84 

6 

11 

4 

6 

43 



360 



It will be noticed that of the 317 volunteer organizations, the 
two great middle States, New York and Pennsylvania, furnished 
175. Each of these States supplied more than one-fourth of 
the grand Potomac Army. In the table of losses and list of dis- 
tinguished officers, they maintain fully the same proportion. 

Geographically, the commands were divided as follows : New 
England, 67 commands; Middle States, 198; Western States, 
52; Regulars, 43. 



OStyen in (§ettysbur<g, <£o to 

JJmm^^Jooms and Qafo, 

J)[o. % ^TiamiBersiburg Street, 
First National Bank Building, Center of the Town. 

® $ $ 

Jfffeals at all J^fours. 



25 ~$ears of Experience in Qatering to the public, 

<^JZZ JZinds of Qame in Reason. 

SEES 

%)arge, pleasant parlors for Quests. 

:JXXI 

Qharges Reasonable. 
Qveruthing fiirst'Qlass. 
xxn 
No Comrade or visitor has ever gone away dissatis- 
fied from Charley's. 



INFANTRY CORPS. 37 

This mighty host was under the command of Major-General 
George Gordon Meade, a Pennsylvanian, who had been appointed 
on the 28th of June, but three days before the commencement 
of the battle, relieving "Fighting Joe Hooker." Meade died in 
Philadelphia, November 2, 1872, of disease resulting from a 
wound received in 1862. 



The Infantry Corps. 

The infantry was, at this time, divided into seven army corps. 

The badge of the First Corps was the full moon ; of the Second, 
the trefoil ; of the Third, the diamond ; of the Fifth, the cross of 
Malta; of the Sixth, the Greek cross ; of the Eleventh, the cres- 
■cent; of the Twelfth, the five-pointed star. The corps badge 
was always represented in red for the first division, in white for 
the second, and in blue for the third. 

The First Corps was commanded by Major-General John 
Fulton Reynolds, a Pennsylvanian; and, after his death, by 
Major-General Abner Doubleday, a New Yorker, on July 1st, 
and by Major-General John Newton, a Virginian, on the 2d 
and 3d. 

The Second Corps was commanded by Major-General Win- 
field Scott Hancock, a Pennsylvanian, who was wounded on the 
third day. Whilst Hancock was in command of the field, the 
evening of July 1st, and again of the left-centre, July 2d and 3d, 
the command of the corps devolved on Major-General John 
Gibbon; and when he was wounded, on Brigadier-General Wil- 
liam Hays, a Virginian, who, having been captured at Chancel- 
lorsville, had just rejoined the army. Hancock died, February 
9, 1886; Hays, February 7, 1875. 

The Third Corps was commanded by Major-General Daniel 



38 MONUMENTAL GETTYSBURG. 

K. Sickles, of New York ; and, when he was wounded on the 
second day, by Major-General David B. Birney. 

The Fifth Corps (recently Meade's) was commanded by Mnjor- 
General George Sykes, of Delaware. One division of this corps 
was composed almost entirely of U. S. regulars ; and another 
division of the Pennsylvania Reserve Corps, under Major Gen- 
eral Crawford, a Pennsylvanian. Sykes died, February 8, 1880. 

The Sixth Corps was commanded by the gallant Major-Gen- 
eral John Sedgwick, of Connecticut, killed at Spottsylvania in 
1864. 

The Eleventh Corps, composed principally of German troops, 
which had recently been under the command of General Sigel, 
was now under the command of Major-General Oliver Otis 
Howard, a native of Maine. On the first of July, while Howard 
had command of the field, the corps was commanded by Major- 
General Carl Schurz, of Prussian birth. 

The Twelfth Corps was commanded by Major-General Henry 
Warner Slocum, of New York. As General Slocum was in com- 
mand of the right wing, the immediate command of the corps 
devolved on Brigadier-General Alpheus S. Williams, of Connecti- 
cut, familiarly known as " Pop" Williams. He died at Wash- 
ington, D. C, December 21, 1878. 

Each of the corps, except the Twelfth, was in three divisions, 
making twenty divisions for the Army of the Potomac. French's 
strong division of the Third Corps, absent on temporary service at 
Harper's Ferry and vicinity, did not participate in the battle. 

At the time of his death, General Reynolds was in command 
of the left wing or advance of the Army of the Potomac, con- 
sisting of the First, Third, and Eleventh Corps, and Buford's di- 
vision of cavalry. Reynolds was succeeded on the field by Dou- 
bleday ; he, by Howard ; and he, by Hancock, who reached 



INFANTKY DIVISIONS. 89 

Gettysburg about 4 o'clock, p.m., July 1st, and assumed command 
until Meade arrived, after midnight. General Slocum com- 
manded the right wing and General Hancock the left centre 
July 2d and 3d. 



The Infantry ' Divisions and their Commanders. 

Although theoretically commanded by major-generals, but 
three of the divisions were so commanded, July, 1863, sixteen 
being under brigadier-generals. 

In the First Corps, the First division was commanded by Briga- 
dier-General James S. Wads worth, of New York, killed at the 
battle of the Wilderness, May, 1864; the Second, by Brigadier- 
'General John C. Robinson, of New York ; the Third, by Major- 
Gen. Abner Doubleday, of Fort Sumter fame, who was wounded 
in the battle. While he was in command of the corps, July 1st, 
his place was filled by Brigadier- General Thomas A. Rowley. 

In the Second Corps, the First division was commanded by 
Brigadier General John Curtis Caldwell, of Vermont; the Second, 
by Brigadier- General John Gibbon, of Pennsylvania. When 
Gibbon took command of the corps, the command devolved on 
Brigadier- General William Harrow. The Third division was 
commanded by Brigadier-General Alexander Hays, of Pennsyl- 
vania, noted for his fiery valor and reckless daring. He was 
killed at the Wilderness, May 5, 1864. 

In the Third Corps, the First division was commanded by 
Major General David Bell Birney, born in Alabama. When he, 
Sickles being wounded, commanded the corps, Brigadier-Gen- 
eral J. H. Hobart Ward commanded the division. Birney died 
in Philadelphia, October 18, 1864, of disease contracted in the 
service. The Second division was commanded by Brigadier- 



40 MONUMENTAL GETTYSBURG. 

General Andrew Atkinson Humphreys, a Penngylvanian. He 
died at Washington, D. C, December 27, 1883. 

In the Fifth Corps, the First division was commanded by 
Brigadier General James Barnes, of Massachusetts, who was se- 
verely wounded; the Second (U. S. regulars), by Brigadier-Gen- 
eral Romeyn Beck Ayres; the Third (Pennsylvania Reserves), 
by Brigadier-General Samuel Wiley Crawford. Barnes died, Feb- 
ruary 12, 1869. 

In the Sixth Corps, the First division was commanded by 
Brigadier-General Horatio Gates Wright, of Connecticut ; the 
Second, by Brigadier-General Albion Paris Howe, of Mainn; the 
Third, by Brigadier-General Frank Wheaton, of Rhode Island. 
This division had been commanded by General Newton, until 
he was assigned, July 2d, to the command of the First Corps. 

In the Eleventh Corps, the First division was commanded by 
Brigadier-General Francis Channing Barlow, of New York, and, 
when he was severely wounded and captured on the first day, 
by Brigadier- General Adelbert Ames.* The Second division 
was command' d by a German nobleman, Brigadier General 
Adolph Wm. Fred, von Steinwehr. He died at Buffalo February 
25, 1877. The Third division was commanded by Major-General 
Carl Schurz. When he, July 1st, commanded the corps, the divi- 
sion was commanded by Brigadier General Alexander Schim- 
mel pfennig. 

In the Twelfth Corps, the First (Gen. Williams) division was 



* At A ntietam, Barlow's command had captured 300 prisoners and 2 flags ; 
but he was severely wounded, and carried from the field, apparently dead. 
Again, at Gettysburg, at the knob near Rock Creek, which now bears his 
name, he fell into the hands of the enemy, with life apparently extinct. He 
was recognized by a Confederate officer, brought to the town, left there when 
the foe retreated, and nursed back into life by his faithful wife. At Spottsyl- 
vania, the next year, in the advance storming line of the Second Corps, he 
carried the works with a rush, taking 3,000 prisoners, including Generals Ed. 
Johnson and G. H. Steuart. 



INFANTRY BRIGADES. 41 

commanded, in this fight, by Brigadier- General Thomas H. 
Ruger, of New York ; the Second, by Brigadier-General John 
White Geary, afterwards Governor of Pennsylvania. He died 
at Harrisburtr, Feb. 8, 1873. 

F<>r the information of those who have come upon the 
theatre of life since the stormy days when military terms were 
household words, it might be said that each division was com- 
posed of a variable number of brigades : sometimes, two; oftener, 
three ; sometimes, four. The number of regiments that were 
combined to form a brigade also varied. 



The Infantry Brigades and their Commanders. 

In the 19 divisions of infantry of the Potomac Army present 
at Gettysburg, there were 51 brigades. Seven of the divisions 
had two brigades; eleven, had three; and one, had four. Al- 
though theoretically commanded by brigadier-generals, but 
twenty-five were thus commanded, twenty-six being under the 
leadership of colonels. 

First Corps Brigades. 

In the First division, the First brigade was the celebrated 
Iron Brigade, composed of Western troops. Its commander, 
Brigadier General Solomon Meredith,* was wounded in the en- 
gagement, as was also his successor, Col. Henry A. Morrow, of 
the 24th Michigan. He was succeeded by Col. Wm. W. Robin- 
son, of the 7th Wisconsin. Its regiments were 19th Indiana, 
24th Michigan, 2d, 6th, and 7th Wisconsin. The Second brigade 
was commanded by Brigadier-General Lysander Cutler, of Maine. 
Twice wounded subsequent to Gettysburg, Cutler died at Mil. 

^General Meredith was born in North Carolina, and was the first colonel of 
the 19th Indiana. He was six feet, six inches in height. Of his three sons, 
all were in the Union army, and two lost their lives in the service. 



42 MONUMENTAL GETTY BURG. 

waukee, 1866. His regiments were 7th Indiana, 56th Penn- 
sylvania, 76th, 84th, 95th, and 147th New York. 

In the Second division, the First brigade had four cornmaud- 
ers, in succession, wounded. Its commander was Brigadier-Gen- 
eral Gabriel S. Paul, of Missouri, who was, on the first day, left 
on the field for dead. He was totally blind ever afier, dying in 
the city of Washington, 1886. He was succeeded by Col. Samuel 
H. Leonard, of the 13th Mass.; he, by Col. Adrian R. Root, of 
the 94th N. Y.; he, by Col. Dick Coulter, of the 11th Penna.; and 
he, by Col. Peter Lyle. Its regiments were 16th Maine, 13th 
Massachusetts, 94th, 104th New York, and 107th Pennsylvania. 
The Second brigade was commanded by Brigadier- General 
Henry Baxter, of New York. Its regiments were 12th Massa- 
chusetts, 83d, 97th New York, 11th, 88th, and 90th Pennsylvania. 
The 11th was, on the afternoon of the first day, transferred to the 
First brigade. Baxter died, Dec. 30, 1873. 

In the Third division, the First brigade was commanded by 
Brigadier-General Thomas A. Rowley ; Col. Chapman Biddle, of 
the 121st Pennsylvania, commanding on the first day, when 
Rowley commanded the division, and also, the third day, after 
Rowley was wounded. Its regiments were 80th New York, 
121st, 142d, and 151st Pennsylvania. The Second brigade of. 
three Pennsylvania regiments (143d, 149th, and 150th) was 
commanded by Col. Roy Stone. After he fell wounded, Col. 
Langhorne Wister, of the 150th, took command, who, being also 
wounded, was succeeded by Col. Edmund L. Djna of the 143d. 
The Third brigade of five Vermont regiments (12th, 13th, 14th, 
15th, 16th) was commanded by Brigadier-General George J. Stan- 
nard, who was severely wounded on the third day and succeeded 
by Col. Francis V. Randall, of the 13th. Gen. Stannard was 
wounded several times during the war. He died at Washing- 
ton, D. C, June 1st, 1886. This brigade, sent from the defences 



(jetty sbdrg & 4H[arrisbarg 



The direct line between Harrisburg and Gettysburg, 

and connecting at Harrisburg with Pennsylvania 

R. R. from all points. 



Ttyree Trails D a ily E xce P* S^day. 



The universal interest and the large number of visitors at 
the Battlefield has induced the railroad companies to place 
excursion tickets on sale, by this route only, in winter as 
well as summer, you will always be able to secure low rates. 

Any information desired by those who contemplate a visit 
to Gettysburg will be cheerfully furnished upon application. 

W. H. WOODWARD, 
Carlisle, Pa., Nov. 18, J 890. Superintendent. 



44 MONUMENTAL GETTYSBURG. 

of Washington, did not join the army until after the first day's 
fight. The 13th, 14th, and 16th were engaged the second day, 
and also on the third day, in the repulse of Pickett's charge, where 
they won an undying reputation by their brilliant and effective 
work. They had never before been under fire. 

Second Corps Brigades. 

In the First division were four brigades. The first was com- 
manded by Col. Edward Ephraim Cross, of the 5th New Hamp- 
shire, who was killed and succeeded by Col. H. Boyd McKeen, of 
the 81st Pennsylvania. Its regiments were 5th New Hampshire, 
61st New York, 81st, and 148th Pennsylvania. The Second bri- 
gade was commanded by Col. Patrick Kelly, of the 88th New 
York. This was the celebrated Irish Brigade, originally com- 
manded by the gallant Meagher. Its regiments were 28th Mas- 
sachusetts, 116th Pennsylvania, 63d, 69th, and 88th New York. 
The Third brigade was commanded by Brigadier-General Samuel 
Kosciusko Zook, of Pennsylvania, who was killed on the second 
day at the Wheat-fiyld. So terribly had the brigade suffered 
that, when Gen. Zook fell, the ranking officer was Lieut. Col. John 
Frazer, of the 140th Pennsylvania. Its regiments were 140th 
Pennsylvania, 52d, 57th, and 66th New York. The Fourth bri- 
gade was commanded by Col. John R. Brooke, of the 53d Penn- 
sylvania, who was wounded. It regiments were 27th Connecti- 
cut, 2d Delaware, 64th New York, 53d, and 145th Pennsylvania. 

In the Second division, the First brigade was commanded by 
Brigadier-General William Harrow, and, when he took command 
of the division, by Col. Francis E. Heath, of the 19th Maine. 
Its regiments were 19th Maine, 15th Massachusetts, 1st Minne- 
sota, with Second company Minnesota Sharpshooters attached, 
and 82d New York. The Second, the celebrated Philadelphia 
Brigade, was commanded by Brigadier- General Alexander S. 



INFANTRY BRIGADES. 45 

Webb, a New Yorker, who was wounded during Pickett's charge 
of the third day. Its regiments were 69th, 71st, 72d, and 106th 
Pennsylvania* The Third brigade was commanded by Col. 
Norman J. Hall, of the 7th Michigan. Its regiments were 7th 
Michigan, 19th, 20th Massachusetts, 42d., and 59th New York. 

In the Third division, the First brigade was commanded by 
Col. Samuel Sprigg Carroll, of the 8th Ohio. Its regiments 
were 7th We>t Virginia, 14th Indiana, 4th, and 8th Ohio. 
The Second brigade was commanded by Col. Thomas A. Smyth 
of the 1st Delaware, who, being wounded, was succeeded by 
Lieut. Col. Pram is E. Pierce, of the 108th New York. Its regi- 
ments were 14th Connecticut, 1st Delaware, 12th New Jersey, 
108' 1), and 10th New York, the latter being only a battalion. At 
the head of the Third brigade, consisting of four New York regi- 
ments, (39th, 111th, 125th, and 126th) Col. George L. Willard of 
the 125th and Col. Eliakim Sherrillof ttie 126th were, in succes- 
sion, killed, the command finally devolving on the highest sur- 
viving officer, Lieut. Col. James M. Bull, of the 126th. 

Third Corps Brigades. 
In the First division, the First brigade of six Pennsylvania 
regiments (57th, 63d, 68th, 105th, 114th, and 141st) was com- 
manded by Brigadier-General Chas. Kinnaird Graham, of New 



*The 69th was "Paddy Owen's Regulars" : the 71st, the "California"' reg- 
iment of U. S Senator E D. Baker, who was killed at Ball's Bluff: the 72d, 
the "Baxter Fire Zouaves" It was this brigade that inaugurated the proceed- 
ings which led to their celebrated re-union with Pickett's Virginia division, 
on the field of Gettysburg, July 1, 2, and 3, 1887. 

The re-union was attended by the widow of Gen. Pickett and about 400 of 
his veterans, representing all of his fifteen regiments, which were in the charge- 
It was on this occasion that Col. Wm. R. Aylett told of the Greencastle girl 
who. with an American flag as an apron, had boldly waved it, and defied 
Pickett's whole division. 



46 MONUMENTAL GETTYSBURG. 

York. He being wounded and captured, the command devolved 
on Col. Andrew H. Tippin, of the 68'ih. The Second brigade 
was under Brigadier- General J. H. Hobart Ward, of New York, 
and, when he took command of the division, under Col. Hiram 
Berdan, of the celebrated 1st U. S. Sharpshooters. Its regiments 
were 20th Indiana, 99th Pennsylvania, 3d, 4th Maine, 86th, 124th 
New York, 1st, and 2d U. S. Sharpshooters. The Third brigade 
was commanded by Col. Philippe Regis de Trobriand, a French- 
man. It consisted of 17th Maine, 40th New York, 110th Penn- 
sylvania, 3d, and 5th Michigan. 

In the Second division, the First brigade was commanded by 
Brigadier General Joseph B. Carr, of New York. Its regiments 
were 12th New Hampshire, 11th New Jersey, 26th, 84th Penn- 
sylvania, 1st, 11th, and 16th Massachusetts. The Second bri- 
gade, the brave and famed Excelsior of New York, consisted 
of the 70th, 71st, 72d, 73cf, 74th, and 120th regiments of that State, 
all, but the last named, being of the original "Excelsiors. 1 ' It 
was commanded by Col. Wm. R. Brewster, of the 73d. He died, 
Dec. 13, 1869. The Third brigade was commanded by Col. 
George C. Burling, of the 6th New Jersey. It consisted of the 2d 
New Hampshire, 115th Pennsylvania, 5th, 6th, 7th, and 8th 
New Jersey. 

Fifth Corps Brigades. 

In the First division, the First brigade was commanded by 
Col. Wm. S. Tilton, of the 22d Massachusetts. Its regiments 
were 1st Michigan, 118th Pennsylvania, 18th, and 22d Mas- 
sachusetts. The Second brigade was commanded by Col. Jacob 
B. Sweitzer, of the 62d Pennsylvania. It consisted of 62d Penn- 
sylvania, 4th Michigan, 9th, and 32d Massachusetts. The Third 
brigade was under Col. Strong Vincent, of Pennsylvania, who was 
mortally wounded on Little Round Top, and succeeded by Col. 



Ziegler $r H°WzWortl7's 

* LI VERY* 

W. I 7 . Ziegler, Proprietor, - - Gettysburg, Pa. 




I have studied this great Battlefield for 
more than 20 years, and can show it in such 
a way that you can understand how it was 
fought and won. My charges are all alike, the 
same price for neighbors and strangers, and 
my effort is to give you so much for your 
money that you will not regret your trip to 
Gettysburg. 




48 MONUMENTAL GETTYSBURG. 

James Clay Rice, of the 44th New York. Its regiments were 
20th Maine, 16th Michigan, 44th New York, 83d Pennsylvania. 
Vincent lingered for some days, receiving, just before his death, 
his commission of brigadier-general. Rice died of wounds re- 
ceived, in May of the next year, at Spottsylvania. 

In the Second division, the First brigade consisted of the 3d, 
4th, 6th, 12th, and 14th regulars, under Col. Hannibal Day, of 
the 6th. The Second brigade was composed of the 2d, 7th, 10th, 
11th, and 17th regulars, under Col. Sydney Burbank, of the 2d. 
The Third brigade was commanded by Brigadier-General Ste- 
phen H. Weed, of New York, killed on the summit of Little 
Round Top, and succeeded by Col. Kenner Garrard, of the 146th 
New York. Its regiments were 140th, 146th New York, 91st, 
and 155th Pennsylvania. Garrard was an Ohio man. He died 
at Cincinnati, May 15, 1879. 

Of the Third division, (Pennsylvania Reserves,) but the First 
and Third brigades were present, the Second being detained iri 
the Department of Washington. The other brigades had only 
joined the Fifth corps on June 28th. The First brigade con- 
sisted of the 1st, 2d, 6th, and 13th Reserves, under Col. Wm. 
McCandless, of the 2d. The Third brigade, of the 5th, 9th, 10th, 
11th, and 12th, under Col. Joseph W. Fisher, of the 5th. 

Sixth Corps Brigades. 
In the First division, the commanders of the First, Second, 
and Third brigades respectively were Brigadier-Generals Alfred 
T. A. Torbert, of Delaware ; Joseph J. Bartlett; and David Allen 
Russell, of New York. The First was a New Jersey brigade con- 
sisting of the 1st, 2d, 3d, and 15th regiments of that State. The 
Second brigade was composed of 5th Maine, 121st New York, 
95th, and 96th Pennsylvania: the Third, of 6th Maine, 5th Wis- 
consin, 49th, and 119th Pennsylvania. Gen. Russell was killed 
in battle, September, 1864. 



INFANTRY BRIGADES. 49 

In the Second division, there was no First brigade, the Second 
and Third being commanded respectively by Col. Lewis A. 
Grant, and Brigadier- General Thomas H. Neill, of Pennsylvania. 
The Second was a Green Mountain brigade, consisting of the 
2d, 3d, 4th, 5th, and 6th Vermont regiments. The Third brigade 
was composed of 7th Maine, 61st Pennsylvania, 33d, 43d, 49th, 
77th New York. 

In the Third division, the First brigade, under Brigadier-Gen- 
eral Alexander Shaler, of New York, consisted of 65th, 67th, 
122d New York, 23d, and 82d Pennsylvania. The Second, un- 
der Col. Henry Lawrence Eustis, of Massachusetts, was com- 
posed of 2d Rhode Island, 7th, 10th, and 37th Massachusetts. 
The Third, under Gen. Frank Wheaton, of Rhode Island, and, 
when he commanded the division, under Col. David J. Nevin, 
of the 62d New York, comprised 62d New York, 93d, 98th, 102d, 
139th Pennsylvania. 

Eleventh Corps Brigades. 

In the First division, the First brigade was commanded by 
Col. Leopold von Gilsa, of the 41st New York. Its regiments 
were 153d Pennsylvania, 41st, 54th, and 68th New York. The 
Second brigade was under Brigadier-General Adelbert Ames, of 
Maine, and, when he commanded the division, under Col. An- 
drew L. Harris, of the 75th Ohio. Its regiments were 17th 
Connecticut, 25th, 75th, 107th Ohio. 

In the Second division, the First brigade was commanded by 
Col. Charles R. Coster, of the 134th New York. Its regiments 
were 134th, 154th New York, 27th, and 73d Pennsylvania. The 
Second brigade was commanded by Col. Orland Smith of the 
73d Ohio. It comprised 33d Massachusetts, 136th New York, 
55th, and 73d Ohio. 

In the Third division, the First brigade (Gen. Schimmel- 
pfennig's) was commanded, after he was wounded on the first 
4 



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INFANTRY BRIGADES. 51 

day, by Col. George von Amsberg, of the 45th New York. Its 
regiments were 82d Illinois, 61st Ohio, 74th Pennsylvania, 45th, 
157th New York. Schimmelpfennig was a German, who had 
been an officer under Kossuth in the Hungarian war. He 
died in Pennsylvania, Sept. 7, 1865 * The Second brigade, under 
Col. Waldimir Krzyzanowski, cf the 58th New York, consisted 
of 26th Wisconsin, 75th Pennsylvania, 82d Ohio, 58th, and 119th 
New York. 

Twelfth Corps Brigades. 

In the First division, the First brigade, under Col. Archibald 
L. McDougall, of the 123d New York, consisted of 3d Maryland, 
46th Pennsylvania, 5th, 20th Connecticut, 123d, and 145th New 
York. The unassigned brigade of Brigadier-General Henry 
Hayes Lockwood, of Delaware, sent to the Army of the Potomac 
from the Middle Department, during the Gettysburg battle, fought 
in it, with the Twelfth Corps, and was soon after made the Second 
brigade of this division. It consisted of the 150th New York, 
1st Maryland (Potomac Home Brigade), 1st Maryland (Eastern 
Shore). The Third brigade (Ruger's), Col. Silas Colgrove, of 
the 27th Indiana commanding, was composed of 27th Indiana, 
2d Massachusetts, 13th New Jersey, 107th New York, and 3d 
Wisconsin. 

In the Second division, the First brigade was commanded by 
Col. Charles Candy, of the 66th Ohio. Its regiments were 
28th, 147th Pennsylvania, 5th, 7th, 29th, and 66th Ohio. The 
Second brigade, consisting of the 29th, 109th, and 111th Penn- 
sylvanii, was commanded during part of the battle by Col. 

*During the retreat of the first day, Schimmelpfennig was not able to get out 
of the town. Being secreted by some of the citizerts, he remained concealed 
during the three days the Confederates occupied the place, coming forth, when, 
on the 4th of July, the Union skirmish line re-occupied Gettysburg. 



52 MONUMENTAL GETTYSBURG. 

George A. Cobham, jr., of the 111th. Its regular commander, 
the brave and chivalrous Brigadier-General Thomas Leiper 
Kane, was absent, enfeebled by sickness and the balls with 
which he had been riddled in several engagements. Entirely 
unfit for duty, he rejoined his command, during the conflict, for 
the purpose of leading his boys once more, although so weak 
that he could not remain after the battle. It was Gen. Kane 
who, at the beginning of the war, recruited t?»e, od bra ted 
" Bucktail " regiment. The Third brigade was composed entirely 
of New Yorkers, comprising the 60th, 78th, l()2d, 137th, and 
149th regiments of that Srate. Its commander was Brizadier- 
General George Sears Greene. 

Infantry Recapitulation. 

The First Corps consisted of 34 regiment-; the Second, of 44; 
the Third, of 38; the Fifth, of 35 ; tie Six'h, of 37; the Elev- 
enth, of 26; the Twelfth, of 28 : t tal, 242, 

Of the seven remaining infantry com in .nds, six were with the 
Provost Marshal-General and on other detached dut> : 8th U.S. 
regulars; 10th Maine, (battalion) ; 4th New Jersey ; 93d New 
York; 12th New York. (2 companies); 8th New York. (1 com- 
pany); whilst the Andrew Sharpshooters of Massachusetts (2 
companies) were not attached to any special command, but 
fought with the Second Corps. 



By States, the infantry organizations represented at Gettysburg 
were: 

Maine:— 3d, 4th, 5th, 6th, 7th, 10th, 16th, 17th, 19th, 20th. 
New Hampshire:— 2d, 5th. 12th. 

Vermont:— 2d, 3d, 4th, 5th, 6th, 12th, 13th, 14th, 15th, 16th. 
Massachusetts:— 1st, 2 I, 7th, 9 h, 10th. 11th, 12th, 13th, 15th, 



INFANTRY REGIMENTS. 53 

16th, 18th, 19th, 20th, 22d, 28th, 32d, 33d, 37th, and Andrew 
Sharpshooters. 

Rhode Island: — 2d. 

Connecticut:— 5th, 14th, 17th, 20th, 27th. 

New York:— 8th, 10th, 12th, 33d, 39th, 40th, 41st, 42d, 43d, 
44th, 45th, 49th, 52d, 54th, 57th, 58th, 59th, 60th, 61st, 62d, 63d, 
64th, 65th, 66th, 67th, 68th, 69th, 70th, 71st, 72d, 73d, 74th, 76th, 
77th, 78th, 80th, 82d, 83d, 84th, 86th, 88th, 93d, 94th, 95th, 97th, 
102d, 104th, 107th, 108th, 111th, 119th, 120th, 121st, 122d, 123d, 
124th, 125th, 126th, 134th, 136th, 137th, 140th, 145th, 146th, 
147th, 149th, 150th, 154th, 157th. 

New Jersey :— 1st, 2d, 3d, 4th, 5th, 6th, 7th, 8th, 11th, 12th, 
13th, 15th. 

Pennsylvania:— 11th, 23d, 26th, 27th, 28th, 29th, 46th, 49th, 
53d, 56th, 57th, 61st, 62d, 63d, 68th, 69th, 71st, 72d, 73d, 74th, 
75th, 81st, 82d, 83d, 84th, 88th, 90th, 91st, 93d, 95th, 96th, 98th, 
99th, 102d, 105th, 106th, 107th, 109th, 110th, 111th, 114th, 115th, 
116th, 118th, 119th, 121st, 139th, 140th, 141st, 142d, 143d, 145th, 
147th, 148th, 149th, 150th, 151st, 153d, 155th; and 1st, 2d, 5th, 
6th, 9th, 10th, 11th, 12th, 13th Reserves. 

Maryland:— 1st (P. H. B.), 1st (E. S.), 3d. 

Delaware: — 1st, 2d. 

West Virginia: — 7th. 

Ohio:— 4th, 5th, 7th, 8th, 25th, 29th, 55th, 61st, 66th, 73d, 75th, 
82d, 107th. 

Indiana:— 7th, 14th, 19th, 20th, 27th. 

Illinois:— 82d. 

Wisconsin:— 2d, 3d, 5th, 6th, 7th, 26th. 

Michigan:— 1st, 3d, 4th, 5th, 7th, 16th, 24th. 

Minnesota : — 1st. 

U. S., (regular army), 2d, 3d, 4th, Gih, 7th, 8th, 10th, 11th, 12th, 
14th, 17th ; and 1st, 2d Sharpshooters. 



54 MONUMENTAL GETTYSBURG. 

The regiments not engaged, on account of doing provost duty 
or guarding trains, were: 8th U. S., 8th, 12th, 93d New York, 
12th, 15th Vermont, 84th, 102d Pennsylvania, 10th Maine. 

A regiment consists of ten companies. Of the regiments just 
enumerated, 35 had, for various reasons, from one to nine com- 
panies absent. For instance, the 27th Connecticut had but two 
companies on the field, eight having been captured at Chancel- 
lorsville. In the same way, the 116th Pennsylvania had but 
four companies, numbering 66 men in all. In other cases a cer- 
tain number of companies were, at distant points, on detached 
service. Of the ten regular regiments in Ayres' division, all 
lacked from two to seven companies. The aggregate number of 
companies lacking in 35 organizations was 163, equivalent to 
more than 16 regiments. This fact should be borne in mind in 
comparing the Army of the Potomac with Lee's army, which 
had fewer infantry organizations than it. 

Besides, every soldier knows that, in service, the term regi- 
ment means nothing. It may be a full regiment, with 1,000 
men ; it may, after a severe campaign, be a skeleton, with 100 
men. Meade's veteran regiments were much nearer the latter 
figure than the former. This was especially the case with those 
that had been heavily engaged at Chancellorsville. 

The glory of Gettysburg has led to the careful commemora- 
tion of every command of the Union army that can claim the 
honor of participating in the victory, even if represented by only 
a mere handful of men. It is just and right that such should 
be the case. But, it should be remembered that the number of 
organizations thu^s made prominent is out of proportion to the 
number of combatants under Meade's command. 



artillery of the potomac army. 55 

Artillery of the Potomac Army. 

Every infantry corps had an artillery brigade connected with 
it. The First, Second, Third, Fifth, and Eleventh Corps had 
each five batteries in its artillery brigade; the Sixth Corps, eight 
batteries ; and the Twelfth Corps, four ; being an aggregate of 
thirty-seven batteries in the seven brigades attached to the in- 
fantry. There were seven additional brigades of artillery. Two 
of these, aggregating eleven batteries, were styled horse-artillery, 
and were for duty with the cavalry corps. Five brigades, aggre- 
gating twenty-four batteries, formed the Artillery Reserve. 

The entire artillery strength of the Potomac army was, there- 
fore, 14 brigades, containing 72 batteries, consolidated at that 
time into 67. The number of cannon was 370, of which 212 
' were in the seven brigades accompanying the infantry, 108 in 
the five reserve brigades, and 50 in the two brigades accompany- 
ing the cavalry. Of these, Meade had 339 pieces present on the 
field, 25 of the heaviest guns having been left at Westminster, 
Md., and a battery being with Huey's cavalry. 

The one remaining battery of the total, not given here (a sec- 
tion of two guns) will be accounted for in connection with the 
cavalry. The consolidation, in some cases, of batteries, was 
caused by their depleted number of guns and men, after Chan- 
cellorsville. These batteries, when subsequently filled up, re- 
sumed their distinctive organization. There were also four cases 
of New York batteries attached to others, for which no credit is 
given in the table. Of the 68 battery organizations, two in the 
Reserve Corps, one in the horse-artillery, and two of the Sixth 
Corps, were not engaged at Gettysburg. 

The entire artillery force was under the command of Briga- 
dier-General Henry Jackson Hunt, of Michigan, Chief of Artil- 
lery; the Artillery Reserve, under Brigadier-General Robert 
Ogden Tyler, of New York. He died at Boston, Dec. 1, 1874. 



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ARTILLERY OF THE POTOMAC ARMY. 57 

The commanders of the artillery brigades connected with the 
infantry corps, were : in the First Corps, Col. Charles S. Wain- 
wright; in the Second, Captain John G. Hazard; in the Third, 
Captain George E. Randolph, who was wounded in the engage- 
ment and succeeded by Captain A. Judson Clark ; in the Fifth, 
Captain Augustus P. Martin; in the Sixth, Col. Charles H. 
Tompkins; in the Eleventh, Major Thomas W. Osborn; in the 
Twelfth, Lieutenant Edward D. Muhlenberg. The brigades of 
horse-artillery were commanded by Captains James M. Robert- 
son and John C. Tidball. Of the Reserve Artillery, the regular 
brigade was under Captain Dunbar R.Ransom; and the four 
volunteer brigades were commanded respectively by Lieutenant- 
Colonel Freeman McGilvery, Captains Elijah D. Taft, James F. 
Huntington, and Robert A. Fitzhugh. McGilvery died the fol- 
lowing year, whilst undergoing an amputation. 



Artillery Roster. 

To both soldier and civilian, batteries are better known by 
the name of the commander than by the technical appellation of 
the organization. In the following roster, by States, both 
methods of designation are given. The Roman characters fol- 
lowing each indicate the corps, R being used for reserve artillery 
and H for horse artillery. 

Maine.— Light Batteries: 2d, Hall, (I); 5th, Stevens, (I); 6th, 
Dow, (R). 

New Hampshire. — Light Battery: 1st, Edgell, (R). 

Massachusetts. — Light Batteries: 1st, McCartney, (VI); 3d, 
Walcott, (V); 5th, Phillips, (R) ; 9th, Bigelow, (R). 

Rhode Island. — Light Batteries: a, Arnold, (II); b, Brown, 
(II); c, Waterman, (VI); e, Randolph, (III); g, Adams, (VI). 

Connecticut. — 1st Regiment Heavy Artillery: Batteries; b, 
Brooker, (R) ; m, Pratt, (R). Light Battery ; 2d, Sterling, (R). 



58 MONUMENTAL GETTYSBURG. 

New York. — 1st Regiment Light Artillery : Batteries ; b, Rorty, 
(II); c, Barnes, (V); d, Winslow, (III); g, Ames, (R) ; i, Wie- 
drich, (XI); k, Fitzhugh, (R) ; l and e, Reynolds, (I) ; m, Wine- 
gar, (XII). Independent Light Batteries: 1st, Cowan, (VI); 
3d, Harn, (VI); 4th, Smith, (III); 5th, Taft, (R); 6th, J. W. 
Martin, (H) ; 13th, Wheeler, (XI) ; loth, Hart, (R). 10th, 11th, 
14th attached to other batteries. 

New Jersey. — Light Batteries: 1st, Parsons, (R); 2d, Clark, 

(III.) 

Pennsylvania. — 1st Regiment Light Artillery: Batteries; b, 
Cooper, (I) ; f and g, Ricketts, (R). Independent Light Batter- 
ies: c and f, Thompson, (R) ; e, Atwell, (XII). 3d Regiment 
Heavy Artillery : a section of Battery h, Rank, (H). 

Maryland.— Light Battery: a, Rigby, (R). 

West Virginia.— Light Battery: c, Hill, (R). 

Ohio —1st Regiment Light Artillery : Batteries; h, Hunting- 
ton, (R); i, Dilger, (XI); k, Htckman, (XI); l, Gibbs, (V). 

Michigan. — Light Battery : 9th, Daniels, (H). 

U. S. Regulars. — 1st Regiment: Batteries; e and g, Randul, 
(II ) ; h, Etkin, (R) ; i, Woodruff, (II);. k, Graham, (H). 

2d Regiment: Batteries; a, Calef, (H) ; b and l, Heaton, (H); 
d, Williston, (VI) ; g, Butler, (VI) ; m, Pennington, (H). 

3d Regiment: Batteries; c, Fuller, (H) ; f and k, Turnhull, 

(R)- 

4th Regiment: a, Cushing,(II) ; b, Stewart, (I) ; c s Thomas, 

(ID; e, Elder, (H) ; f, Rugg, (XII); g, Wilkeson, (XI); k 

Seeley, (III). 

5th Regiment: Batteries; c, Weir, (R); d, ILizlett, (V) ; f, 
Leonard Martin, (VI) ; i, Watson, (V) ; k, Kinzie, (XII). 



Rorty, Woodruff, Cushing, Hazlett, and Wilkeson, were killed 
at Gettysburg. Stevens, Reynolds, Brown, Seeley, Watson, Ea- 



CAVALRY OF THE POTOMAC ARMY. 59 

kin, Hart, Bigelow, Thompson, and Bucklyn, commanding Ran- 
dolph's battery, were wounded. 



Cavalry of the Potomac Army. 

It was only in 1863 that the cavalry had been organized into 
a separate corps under the command of Major-General Alfred 
Pleasonton. This corps consisted of three weak divisions, con- 
solidated, June 13th, into two; Stand's cavalry from the defences 
of Washington, which joined the corps at Frederick, Md., June 
28th, becoming the Third division. The corps was then organ- 
ized as follows : First division, of three brigades, under Brigadier- 
General John Buford, a Kentuckian; Second, of three brigades, 
under Brigadier-General David McMurtrie Gregg, a Pennsylva- 
nian ; Third, of two brigades, under Brigadier-General Hugh Jud- 
son Kilpatrick, a native of New Jersey. Buford died the same 
year at Washington, D. C, of disease contracted from army ex- 
posure. On the day of his death he received his commission as 
major-general. Kilpatrick died in Peru, whilst minister to that 
country, Dec. 4, 1881. 

In the First division, the First brigade, commanded by Colo- 
nel William Gamble, of the 8th Illinois, consisted of 8th Illinois, 
12th Illinois (4 companies), 3d Indiana (6 companies), 8th New 
York. The Second brigade, under Colonel Thomas C. Devin, of 
the 6th New York, consisted of 3d West Virginia (2 companies), 
17th Pennsylvania, 6th, and 9th New York. The Reserve bri- 
gade, under Brigadier-General Wesley Merritt, a New Yorker, 
consisted of 6th Pennsylvania, 1st, 2d, 5th, and 6th U. S. regu- 
lars. Total for the division, 13 commands. 

In the Second division, the First brigade, under Colonel John 
B. Mcintosh, consisted of 1st New Jersey, 1st, 3d Pennsylvania, 
1st Maryland, Company A of the Purnell Legion of Maryland, 



CAVALRY OF THE POTOMAC ARMY. 61 

and 1st Massachusetts. The Second brigade, under Colonel Pen- 
nock Huey, consisted of 8th Pennsylvania, 6th Ohio, 2d, and 4th 
New York. This brigade was not engaged. The Third brigade, 
under Colonel J. Irvin Gregg, of Pennsylvania, consisted of 1st 
Maine, 10th New York, 4th, and 16th Pennsylvania. Total for 
the division, 14 commands. The First brigade of this division 
had with it a section of battery H of the 3d Pennsylvania heavy 
artillery, serving as light artillery. This section and company 
A of the Purnell Legion, were on their way from Frederick to 
Baltimore, when, falling in with Stuart, they narrowly escaped 
capture, and were forced to accompany Gregg to Gettysburg, 
where they fought bravely with his troops, in the cavalry action 
of the 3d. 

In the Third division, the First brigade was commanded by 
Brigadier-General Elon J. Farnsworth, of Michigan, who was 
killed the third day near Round Top, and succeeded by Colonel 
Nathaniel P. Richmond, of the 1st West Virginia. Its regiments 
were 5th New York, 18th Pennsylvania, 1st Vermont, 1st West 
Virginia. The Second brigade, consisting of 1st, 5th, 6th, and 
7th Michigan, was commanded by the dashing and daring Briga- 
dier-General George Armstrong Custer, of Ohio, whose sad fate, 
on the frontier in 1876, excited universal pity and horror. Total 
for the division, 8 commands. 

The cavalry commands not attached to the Cavalry Corps, 
doing duty with the Provost Marshal-General and at various 
headquarters, were: 2d Pennsylvania, 1st Indiana (2 compa- 
nies), 1st Ohio (2 companies). 

As was the case with the infantry, it will be noticed that, when 
we speak of 38 regiments of cavalry, the expression is mislead- 
ing. There were 38 organizations represented, some of which 
consisted of but one or two companies. 



62 MONUMENTAL GETTYSBURG. 

A cavalry regiment consists of six squadrons or twelve com- 
panies. The aggregate of what was lacking of this standard in 
12 of the organizations, was 64 companies. The 38 organiza- 
tions were, therefore, equivalent to less than 33 regiments. There 
were, in addition, permanent details to the Provost-Marshal and 
to various headquarters, of 31 companies, reducing the strength 
of the Union cavalry, for field service, to about 30 regiments. 



Cavalry Recapitulation. 
The following cavalry organizations were, therefore, repre- 
sented, July, 1863, in the Army of the Potomac: 
Maine: — 1st. 
Vermont: — 1st. 
Massachusetts : — 1st. 

New York:— 2d, 4th, 5th, 6th, 8th, 9th, 10th. 
New Jersey : — 1st. 

Pennsylvania:— 1st, 2d, 3d, 4th, 6th, 8th, 16th, 17th, 18th. 
Maryland : — 1st, Company A of Purnell Legion. 
West Virginia : — 1st, 3d. 
Ohio:— 1st, 6th. 
Indiana: — 1st, 3d. 
Illinois:— 8th, 12th. 
Michigan:— 1st, 5th, 6th, 7th. 
U. S. Regulars:— 1st, 2d, 5th, 6th. 



Gen. Meade's Staff. 
In addition to Gen. Hunt, the most prominent membeis of 
Gen. Meade's staff at Gettysburg were : Major-General Daniel 
Butterfield, of New York, Chief of Staff; Brigadier-General 
Marsena R. Patrick, of New York, Provost Marshal-General; 
Brigadier-General Seth Williams, Adjutant-General; Brigadier- 



ROSTER OF CONFEDERATE FORCES. 63 

General Rufus Ingalls, of Maine, Quartermaster-General ; Briga- 
dier-General Edmund Schriver, Inspector-General ; and Briga- 
dier-General Gouverneur Kemble Warren, of New York, Chief 
Engineer, with Brigadier-General Henry W. Benham, of Con- 
necticut, in charge of the Engineer Brigade. Both Butterfield 
and Warren were wounded at Gettysburg. Benham died in 
New York, June 1, 1884. 



CHAPTER III. 



Composition and Commanders of the Confederate 
Army. — The Sub-Divisions Engaged and their Offi- 
cers. — The States Represented. — The Mode of Or- 
ganization of the Different Arms of the Service. — 
Tabular Comparison of the Sub-Divisions of the 
Two Armies. 

The Confederate Army of Northern Virginia that faced the 
Army of the Potomac at Gettysburg, was commanded by Gen- 
eral Robert Edmund Lee, a Virginian. He died, Oct. 12, 1870. 
The most conspicuous member of his staff was General W. N. 
Pendleton, Chief of Artillery. 



Tabulated Roster of Confederate Forces. 

The eleven seceded States and the State of Maryland were 
represented in Lee's army, July, 1863, by organized commands, 
aggregating 283 in number. Nine of the infantry regiments 
(seven from Virginia, two from North Carolina), were not across 
the Potomac during the campaign. 



64 



MONUMENTAL GETTYSBURG. 



States. 



tt_l 


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o 


° 


O . 


00 >> 


-2 >> 


oo fr 


a -3 


C r£j 


0) 0) 


<v c 


a> o3 


"2 *~3 


5<3 


2 % 


±2 ^h 




P<3 








Maryland . . . 
Virginia, . . . 
North Carolina, 
South Carolina, 
Georgia, . . 
Alabama, . . . 
Mississippi, . . 
Florida, . . . . 
Tennessee, • ■ 
Arkansas, . . . 
Louisiana, . • 
Texas, . . . . 



1 

48 
38 
11 
36 
IT 
11 
3 

Q 

1 

10 
3 



1 

22 

4 

9 



Total, 



182 



32 



4 
40 
4 
5 
6 
2 
1 



69 



6 

110 

46 

18 

45 

19 

12 

3 

3 

1 

17 
3 

2^3 



In all, 29 States of the Union had troops in the two contend- 
ing hosts at Gettysburg, Maryland having commands in both 
armies. 

The State of Virginia supplied one-fourth of the infantry, 
two-thirds of the cavalry, and nearly two-thirds of the artillery 
that invaded the North. The States of Virginia, North Carolina, 
and Georgia furnished nearly three-fourths of the material com- 
posing the Army of Northern Virginia. 



The Confederate Infantry. 
Lee's infantry was divided into but three corps, each sub-di- 
vided into three divisions. The average strength of a Confeder- 
ate corps or division was about twice that of a Union organiza- 
tion of the same name. 

The corps were commanded by Lieut en ant-Generals Jam< s 
5 



66 MONUMENTAL GETTYSBURG. 

Longstreet, a South Carolinian, known throughout the army as 
"Old Pete;" Richard Stoddard Ewell, and Ambrose Powell Hill, 
both Virginians. Ewell had lost a leg at the Second Bull Run. 
He died in Tennessee, Jan. 25, 1872. Hill, after fighting through 
the entire war, was killed at the storming of Petersburg, Va., 
April 2d, 1865. He was wounded in the first day's fight at 
Gettysburg. Previous to the death of "Stonewall" Jackson, at 
Chancellorsville, Lee had his army divided into but two corps, 
commanded by Longstreet and Jackson. 

The division commanders of Longstreet s First Corps, were 
Major-Generals Lafayette McLaws, a Georgian, George K Pickett, 
a Virginian, and John Bell Hood, a Kentuckian. Hood was 
severely wounded on the second day, and succeeded in com- 
mand by Brigadier General E. Mclver Law. Pickett died at 
Norfolk, July 30, 1875; Hood, at New Orleans, Aug. 30, 1879. 

In E well's Second Corps, the division commanders were Major- 
Generals Jubal Anderson Early, Edward Johnson, both Virgin- 
ians, and Robert E. Rodes. Johnson was captured the next 
year at Spottsylvania, with his whole command. He died at 
Richmond, Feb. 22, 1873. 

In Hill's Third Corps, the division commanders were Major- 
Generals Richard Henry Anderson, of South Carolina; Henry 
Heth, of Virginia; and William Dorsey Pender, of North Caro- 
lina. Heth was wounded on the first day and succeeded by 
Brigadier-General James Johnston Pettigrew, who was also 
wounded, on the third day, and mortally wounded during the 
retreat. Pender was mortally wounded in the fight of the sec- 
ond day. He was succeeded by Brigadier-General James H. 
Lane. Major-General Isaac R. Trimble, of Baltimore, com- 
manded this division in the final charge of the third day. He 
being wounded and captured, Lane again took command. An- 
derson died, June 26, 1879. 



CONFEDERATE BRIGADES. G7 

One peculiarity in the organization of the Confederate forces 
was that troops of the same State almost invariably formed en- 
tire brigades. In the Army of the Potomac this was rarely the 
case, regiments being generally grouped without any regard to 
the State from whence they came. It appears as if the Southern 
was the better plan. It gave an opportunity to the different 
brigades to feel that, in their actions on the field, were involved 
the honor and glory of their native State. Pickett's men charged 
none the worse because they were all Virginians, and pride for 
the Old Dominion was swelling in their bosoms. 

Whenever the plan was tried in the Union army it worked 
well. It is only necessary to point to such well-known examples 
as the Iron Brigade, an isolated Western command in an Eastern 
army; the Pennsylvania Reserves; Stannard's Vermonters; Col. 
Roy Stone's Pennsylvania brigade, of the First Corps; Graham's 
Pennsylvanians, and the New York Excelsiors, of the Third 
Corps; Willard's New Yorkers, of the Second Corps, in their 
fight with Barksdale; and Greene's brave New Yorkers, of the 
Twelfth Corps, who, when the remainder of the corps had been 
sent to the left, on the evening of the second day, held Culp's 
Hill with a grip Ewell could not shake. 

Where can be found loftier deeds of heroism, sublimer endur- 
ance and devotion to duty, more desperate fighting than that of 
these commands? They fought at once for the unity of their 
native land and the honor of their native State. Some of the 
most illustrious exploits this book commemorates, are those of 
the commands mentioned above. 



Composition of the Confederate Brigades. 
The Army of Northern Virginia was officered with stern uni- 
formity. It was commanded by a full general. Each corps 
was commanded by an officer of next grade below, a lieutenant- 



68 MONUMENTAL GETTYSBURG. 

general; each division, by a major-general; and each brigade, 
by a brigadier-general, and all the brigades, but two, were thus 
commanded at Gettysburg, in a few cases, however, a colonel 
being in temporary command, the regular brigade commander 
being absent on account of sickness or wounds. 

Lee's 9 divisions were in 38 brigades. The divisions of Rodes 
and Anderson had each five brigades, all the other divisions, four, 
Corse's brigade of Pickett's division, however, being at Gordons-' 
ville, July 1-8, and not participating directly in the invasion. 
As organized in 1863, the brigades were constituted and com- 
manded as follows: 

First Corps Brigades. 
In McLaw's division, the brigade commanders were: Briga- 
dier-General Joseph Brevard Kershaw; Paul J. Semmes, who 
was mortally wounded and succeeded by Col. Goode Bryan, of 
the 16th Georgia ; William Barksdale, who was killed on the 
second day and succeeded by Col. Benjamin G. Humphreys, of 
the 21st Mississippi ; and William T. Wofford. . Kershaw's regi- 
ments were 2d, 3d, 7th, 8th, 15th South Carolina, and 3d South 
Carolina battalion. Semmes' regiments were 10th, 50th, 51st, 
53d Georgia; Barksdale's, 13th, 17th, 18th, 21st Mississippi; 
Wofford's, 16th, 18th, 24th Georgia, and the celebrated Cobb's, 
and Phillips' Legions of the same State. Total, 19 commands in 
the division. 

In Pickett's division, the brigade commanders were Brigadier- 
Generals Richard Brooke Garnett, Lewis Addison Armistead, 
ma* James Lawson Kemper, and M. D. Corse, all Virginians, except 
'»YT*Armistead, who was a native of North Carolina. Garnett and 
at*- Armistead were killed, and Kemper wounded and captured in 
Pickett's celebrated charge. Armistead was succeeded by Col. 
W. R. Aylett, of the 53d Virginia; Kemper, by Col. Joseph 
Mayo, Jr., of the 3d ; and Garnett, by Major C. S. Peyton. Kem- 



CONFEDERATE BRIGADES. 69 

per was afterwards Governor of Virginia. After Brigadier-Gen- 
eral Robert Toombs' brigade was removed from the division, and 
placed in Hood's division, under command of Benning, all of 
Pickett's troops were Virginians. Gamett's regiments were 8th, 
18th, 19th, 28th, 56th: Kemper's; 1st, 3d, 7th, 11th, 24th : Arm- 
istead's; 9th, 14th, 38th, 53d, 57th: Corse's (brigade not at Get- 
tysburg); 15th, 17th, 29th, 30th, 32d. Total, 20 commands in 
the division, of which 15 were at Gettysburg. 

Of 4 generals and 15 regimental commanders that were in 
Pickett's division in the charge of the third day, there remained, 
when it was over, but Pickett and one lieutenant-colonel that 
were not killed or wounded; 12 of the regimental commanders 
being killed, of which number ten were colonels, one a lieuten- 
'ant-colonel, and one a major. Of 4,800 men, the division left 
3,393 at the Federal works. 

Hood's brigade commanders were Brigadier-Generals Jerome 
B. Robertson, E. Mclver Law, George T. Anderson, and Henry 
L. Benning. Robertson's regiments were ; 3d Arkansas, 1st, 4th, 
5th Texas: Law's; 4th, 15th, 44th, 47th, 48th Alabama: Ander- 
son's; 7th, 8th, 9th, 11th, 59th Georgia: Berming's; 2d, 15th, 
17th, 20th Georgia. When Law succeeded Hood (wounded) as 
division commander, his brigade was under Col. James L. Shef- 
field, of the 48th Alabama. General G. T. Anderson wag 
wounded and succeeded by Col. W. W. White, of the 7th Geor- 
gia. Total, 18 commands in the division. Number of regi- 
ments in the First Corps, 57, of which 52 were at Gettysburg. 
Second Corps Brigades. 

In Early's division, the brigade commanders were Brigadier- 
Generals Harry T. Hays, John Brown Gordon,* William Smith, 

*Gordon was eight times wounded during the war. He entered the army 
as a captain, and left it, at Appomattox, a lieutenant-general. He has since 
been U. S. Senator from Georgia and Governor of that State. 



70 MONUMENTAL GETTYSBURG. 

and R. F. Hoke. Hoke being absent, wounded, his brigade at 
Gettysburg was commanded by Col. Isaac E. Avery, of the 5th 
North Carolina, who, being wounded, was succeeded by Col. 
Archibald C. Godwin, of the 57th North Carolina. Hays' bri- 
gade was the celebrated Louisiana Tigers, composed of the 5th, 
6th, 7th, 8th, 9th regiments. Gordon commanded the 13th, 26th, 
31st, 38th, 60th, 61st Georgia. Smith had the 13th, 31st, 49th, 
52d, 58th Virginia : Hoke; the 6th, 21st, 54th, 57th North Caro- 
lina, and 1st North Carolina battalion. Total, 21 commands, of 
which 3 regiments (13th, 58th Virginia, 54th North Carolina) 
had been left at Winchester, Virginia. 

The commanders of Eodes' brigades were Brigadier-Generals 

Junius Daniel, George Pierce Doles, Alfred Iverson, Stephen D. 

Ramseur, and Col. Edward A. O'Neal, who had charge of Rodes' 

original brigade. Doles and Iverson were Georgians; Ramseur, 

- * ^trSuntfT UarolirTraffc — Iverson "Had been a U. S. Senator prior to 

n *ji the war. He died, March 4, 1873. Both Doles and Ramg^gj 

y \2r*. were killed in battle, in 1864 ; the first, at Cold Harbor ; "thesec- 

ond, at Cedar Creek. Daniel's brigade was composed of 32d, 43d, 

45th, 53d North Carolina, and 2d battalion of the same State ; 
Doles', of 4th, 12th, 21st, 44th Georgia; Iverson's, of 5th, 12th, 
20th, 23d North Carolina ; Ramseur's, of 2d, 4th, 14th, 30th 
North Carolina; O'Neal's, of 3d, 5th, 6th, 12th, 26th Alabama. 
Total, 22 commands in the division. 

Johnson's brigade commanders were Brigadier-Generals Geo. 
H. Steuart, James A. Walker, John Marshall Jones, and F. T. 
Nicholls. The latter being absent, wounded, his brigade was 
commanded at Gettysburg by Col. J. M. Williams, of the 2d 
$^ Louisiana. Gen. Jones was severely wounded at Gettysburg, 
t ^J / ^ 1, lLnd killed at Spottsylvania, May 10, of the following year. Lieut. 
t— -" (Jol. K. H. Dungarr^5fTHe^48th Virginia, had charge of his bri- 
gade in the latter part of the battle and during the retreat. 



CONFEDERATE BRIGADES. 71 

Steuart was captured the next year at Spottsylvania. Steuart's 
regiments were: 1st, 3d North Carolina, 10th, 23d, 37th Virginia, 
and 1st Maryland battalion. Walker's brigade was the original 
Stonewall Brigade, so famed in history. Its regiments were : 
2d, 4th, 5th, 27th, 33d Virginia. Jones had the 21st, 25th, 42d, 
44th, 48th, 50th Virginia regiments. Nicholls' brigade consisted 
of 1st, 2d, 10th, 14th, 15th Louisiana. Total, 22 commands in 
the division ; and a sum of 65 for the Second Corps, of which 
number, 62 were present and engaged. 

Third Corps Brigades. 

Anderson's brigades were commanded by Brigadier- Generals 
Cadmus M. Wilcox, William Mahone (since conspicuous in 
Virginia politics and a U. S. Senator from that State), Carnot 
Posey, Ambrose R. Wright, and E. A. Perry. Perry's brigade was 
under the temporary command of Col. David Lang, of the 8th 
Florida. Posey was wounded at Gettysburg. Wilcox's regi- 
ments were; 8th, 9th, 10th, 11th, 14th Alabama: Mahone's; 6th, 
12th, 16th, 41st, 61st Virginia: Posey's; 12th, 16th, 19th, 48th 
Mississippi: Wright's; 3d, 22d, 48th Georgia, and 2d Georgia 
battalion: Perry's; 2d, 5th, 8th Florida. Total, 21 commands in 
the division. 

Heth's First brigade was commanded by Brigadier General 
Pettigrew. When he succeeded Heth (wounded) in the com- 
mand of the division, Col. James K. Marshal, of the 52*1 North 
Carolina, commanded the brigade. He was wounded and cap- 
tured on the third day. The regiments were: 11th, 17th, 26th, 
42d, 44th, 47th, 52d North Carolina. The 44th was left back at 
Hanover Junction. The 17th and 42d were employed on train- 
guard and provost duty. The Second brigade (Field's old com- 
mand) was under Col. J. M. Brockenbrough. It consisted of 
40th, 47th, 55th Virginia, and 22d Virginia battalion. The Third 
brigade was commanded by Brigadier- General James J. Archer, 



* 



CONFEDEKATE BRIGADES. 73 

of Maryland, who, with about 1,200 of his men, was captured 
early in the first day's fight, by the Iron Brigade. Col. B. D. 
Fry, of the 13th Alabama, succeeded to the command of what 
was left of the brigade. Re was wounded and captured on t 
third day, and succeeded by Lieut-Col. S. G. Shephard, of tli 
7th Tennessee. The regiments were : 13th Alabama, 5th Alabama 
battalion, 1st Tennessee (Provisional Army), 7th, 14th Tennessee. 
The Fourth brigade, under Brigadier-General Joseph R. Davis, 
consisted of 2d, 11th, 42d Mississippi, 55th North Carolina. 
Total, 20 commands for the division, of which 17 were engaged. 
Pender had four brigades. The First (McGowan's) was com- 
manded at Gettysburg by Col. Abner M. Perrin. It was com- 
posed of 1st (Provisional Army), 12th, 13th, 14th South Carolina, 
and 1st South Carolina Rifles. The Second brigade was under 
Brigadier- General James H. Lane. Its regiments were 7th, 18th, 
28th, 33d, 37th North Carolina. When Lane, during the retreat, 
commanded the division, he was succeeded by Col. C. M. Avery, 
of the 33d. The Third brigade, under Brigadier- General Edward 
L. Thomas, consisted of 14th, 35th, 45th, 49th Georgia. Briga- 
dier-General Alfred M. Scales commanded the Fourth brigade, 
composed of 13th, 16th, 22d, 34th, 38th North Carolina. Gen- 
eral Scales was severely wounded on the first day, and succeeded 
by Col. Wm. Lee J. Lowrance, of the 34th. Total, 19 commands 
in the division ; whilst the Third Corps aggregated 60 regiments, 
57 of which were engaged. 

Infantry Recapitulation. 

Total Commands present 

Commands. and engaged. 

Longstreet, 57 52 

Ewtll, 65 62 

Hill, 60 57 

Total, 182 171 



74 MONUMENTAL GETTYSBURG. 

By States, the infantry regiments in Lee's army were: 

Maryland : — 1st battalion. 

Virginia :— 1st, 2d, 3d, 4th, 5th, 6th, 7th, 8th, 9th, 10th 11th, 
12th, 13th, 14th, 15th, 16th, 17th, 18th, 19th, 21st, 23d, 24th, 25th, 
27th, 28th, 29th, 30th, 31st, 32d, 33d, 37th, 38th, 40th, 41st, 42d, 
44th, 47th, 48th, 49th, 50th, 52d, 53d, 55th, 56th, 57th, 58th, 61st; 
and 22d battalion. 

North Carolina:— 1st, 2d, 3d, 4th, 5th, 6th, 7th, 11th, 12th, 13th, 
14th, 16th, 17th, 18th, 20th, 21st, 22d, 23d, 26th, 28th, 30th, 32d, 
33d, 34th, 37th, 38th, 42d, 43d, 44th, 45th, 47th, 52d, 53d, 54th, 
55th, 57th; 1st, and 2d battalions. 

South Carolina:— 1st (P. A.), 2d, 3d, 7th, 8th, 12th, 13th, 14th, 
15th ; 3d battalion, and 1st Rifles. 

Georgia:— 2d, 3d, 4th, 7th, 8th, 9th, 10th, 11th, 12th, 13th, 14th, 
15th, 16th, 17th, 18th, 20th, 21st, 22d, 24th, 26th, 31st, 35th, 38th, 
44th, 45th, 48th, 49th, 50th, 51st, 53d, 59th, 60th, 61st; 2d bat- 
talion, Cobb's Legion, Phillips' Legion. 

Alabama:— 3d, 4th, 5th, 6th, 8th, 9th, 10th, 11th, 12th, 13th, 
14th, 15th, 26th, 44th, 47th, 48th; and 5th battalion. 

Mississippi:— 2d, 11th, 12th, 13th, 16th, 17th, 18th, 19th, 21st, 
42d, 48th. 

Louisiana:— 1st, 2d, 5th, 6th, 7th, 8th, 9th, 10th, 14th, 15th. 

Tennessee:— 1st (P. A.), 7th, 14th. 

Florida:— 2d, 5th, 8th. 

Texas:— 1st, 4th, 5th. 

Arkansas: — 3d. 



Confederate Artillery. 

The organization of Lee's artillery was most admirable and 
efficient. 

In the Union army, a full battery consisted of six guns. Bat- 
teries accompanying the Confederate infantry were, generally, 



CONFEDERATE ARTILLERY. 75 

of four guns ; whilst those with the cavalry were six-gun bat- 
teries. 

The artillery corps, recently re-organized under Gen. Pendleton, 
consisted of 63 batteries, with 293 guns. Of these, 62 batteries, 
aggregating 257 cannon, were with the infantry : whilst 6 batter- 
ies, numbering 36 pieces, were with the cavalry, one with each 
brigade. Imboden's unassigned brigade brought an additional 
battery of six guns to the field of Gettysburg. 

With Longstreet, were 22 batteries, numbering 86 guns ; with 
Ewell, 20 batteries, numbering 82 guns ; with Hill, 20 batteries, 
numbering 82 guns : a total of 250 guns on the infantry field, 
seven of the heaviest guns having been left behind, when L?e 
crossed the Potomac, on account of the difficulty of transporting 
sufficient ammunition. Every one of the 62 batteries was en- 
gaged at Gettysburg. 

These batteries were grouped into 15 battalions. Of the bat- 
talions, one had six batteries ; two had five batteries ; two had 
three batteries ; all the others, four. Five battalions were with 
each corps, forming what was termed a division of artillery, 
which was under the command of a colonel ; whilst every bat- 
talion was also under tho supervision of a field officer. Of the 
five battalions in a corps, one accompanied each infantry divi- 
sion, whilst the two remaining formed the Reserve Artillery of 
the corps. 

All the officers in charge of the divisions and battalions were 
veterans of experience. The division with Longstreet's corps 
was commanded by Col. J. B. Walton; Ewell's divison, by Col. 
J. Thompson Brown ; Hill's division, by Col. R. Lindsay Walker. 
The battalion commanders in the First Corps were Col. Henry 
C. Cabell, Major James Dearing, Major M. W. Henry, Col. E. 
Porter Alexander, and Major B. F. Eshelman: in the Second 
Corps, Lfcut. Col. H. P. Jones, Major J. W. Latimer, Lieut.- Colonel 



CONFEDERATE CAVALRY. 77 

Thomas H. Carter, Captain Willis J. Dance, and Lieut.-Colonti 
Wm. Nelson: in the Third Corps, Major John Lane, Lieut.-Col. 
John J. Garnett, Major William T. Poague, Major D. G. Mcintosh, 
and Major William Johnson Pegram. Major Latimer was killed, 
on the second day, on Benner's Hill ; Major Pegram was wounded .* 
The battalion of Horse Artillery with the cavalry, was under 
Major R. F. Beckham. The appellations of the batteries and 
the names of the captains will be found in the skeleton of forces, 
Chapter VI. 

The Confederate Cavalry. 
Lee's cavalry had been formed in a division of six brigades, 
under Major-General James E. B. Stuart, a Virginian, who was 
killed at the Yellow Tavern, near Richmond, May 12, 1864. The 
cavalry was augmented, for the Gettysburg campaign, by Imbod- 
en's strong brigade. The brigade commanders were Brigadier- 
Generals Wade Hampton, since Governor of South Carolina and 
a U. S. Senator from the same State; Fitz-Hugh Lee (nephew of 
Gen. R. E. Lee), since Governor of Virginia; W. H. F. Lee (son 
of R. E. Lee); Edmondson William Jones; Beverly H. Robert- 
son; and A. G. Jenkins. John D. Imboden's cavalry force was 
not attached to any special command, whilst Jenkins was only 
assigned to Stuart for the period of the invasion. W\ H. F. Lee 

*It was the fate of two commanders of Confederate artillery battalions at 
Gettysburg, to die at the very close of the war. Pegram, like A. P. Hill, fell, 
Sunday, April 2d, 1865, in the terrific slaughter at the storming, by the Fed- 
eral army, of Petersburg, the city of his birth. A student when the war broke 
out, he enlisted as a private. He died a Brigadier-General. Three days 
later, during Lee's hopeless retreat, Dearing, also a Virginian, and now a 
Brigadier-General, reached High Bridge with his forces, just as General Theo- 
dore Read, of the Union army, came up with his command on the opposite 
side of the creek. A duel with pistols instantly ensued between the two com- 
manders. Read fell dead ; Dearing, mortally wounded. 



CONFEDERATE CAVALRY. 79 

having been wounded at Brandy Station, June 9th, his brigade, 
at Gettysburg, was under Col. John Randolph Chambliss, jr., 
who, like both the Lees, Jones, and Imboden, was a Virginian. 

He was killed at Deep Bottom, near Richmond, Aug. 16th, of 
the next year. Jenkins' brigade, after he was wounded, was 
commanded, in the Gettysburg campaign, by Col. Milton J- 
Ferguson. Hampton was thrice wounded in the cavalry fight of 
the third day at Gettysburg; once, by a terrific sabre cut, in 
hand to hand combat. He was succeeded in command by Col. 
Lawrence S. Baker. Jones was wounded in the retreat from 
Gettysburg, and killed, whilst fighting Gen. Hunter, at New 
Hope, Va., June 5, 1864. Robertson was captured during the 
retreat. The entire cavalry force aggregated 32 commands. 

Hampton's regiments were 1st North Carolina, 1st, 2d South 
Carolina, Cobb's Georgia Legion, Jeff Davis Legion, Phillips' 
Georgia Legion. The regiments of Fitz-Hugh Lee were 1st, 2d, 
3d, 4th, 5th Virginia, and 1st Maryland battalion, the latter, at 
Gettysburg, being on duty with E well's Corps. W. H. F. Lee 
had 2d North Carolina, 9th, 10th, 13th, 15th Virginia. Jones 
commanded 6th, 7th, 11th, 12th Virginia, and 35th Virginia bat- 
talion : Jenkin's; 14th, 16th, 17th, 34th, and 36th Virginia, the 
latter two being battalions. Robertson, who had charge of Jones' 
brigade as well as his own, appears to have brought to Pennsyl- 
vania only two of his regiments, the 4th, and 5th North Carolina. 
Imboden commanded the 18th Virginia, 62d Virginia (mounted 
infantry), and Virginia Partisan Rangers, otherwise known as the 
43d Virginia battalion, or Mosby's men. 

In the Gettysburg campaign, Jenkins led the advance; Rob- 
ertson and Jones were with Ewell's trains, and covered Lee's re- 
treat, part of Robertson's force having been left near Martinsburg, 
W.Va. ; General Stuart had with him the brigades of Ham pton and 
the two Lees in his ride around the Army of the Potomac ; Im- 



80 MONUMENTAL GETTYSBURG. 

boden held the rear of the invading army, and, after the battle, 
took charge of the wounded during the retreat. Of the five 
brigadiers of cavalry that fought at Beverly Ford, June 9th, but 
one was available at the conclusion of the campaign ; Fitz-Hugh 
Lee. W. H. F. Lee wounded, June 9th, was captured soon after 
by Keyes, near Richmond ; Robertson was a prisoner ; Jones 
and Hampton wounded. 

Cavalry Recapitulation. 

By States, the cavalry organizations of Lee's army, in the Get- 
tysburg campaign, were : 

Virginia.— 1st, 2d, 3d, 4th, 5th, 6th, 7th, 9th, 10th, 11th, 12tb, 
13th, 14th, 15th, 16th, 17th 18th ; arid 34th, 35th, 36th, 43d bat- 
talions ; and 62d infantry (mounted). 

Maryland. — 1st battalion. 

North Carolina.— 1st, 2 1, 4th, 5th. 

South Carolina— 1st, 2d. 

Georgia. — Cobb's L< gion, Phillips' Legion, Jeff Davis Legion. 

Tabular Recapitulation. 
In the following table is presented, in parallel columns, a 
summary of the sub-divisions of the two armies. As the modes 
of organization, were, in some respects, quite different, it is not, 
in all of its items, a proper basis of comparison between them. 

Union. Confederate. 

Infantry. 

Corps, 7 3 

Divisions, 19 9 

Brigades, 51 37 

Regiments, &c, belonging to each army, .... 251 182 

Organizations on or near the field, 249 173 

Organizations engaged, 240 171 

Equivalent of those engaged, in regiments of 10 

companies, 226 



TABULAR RECAPITULATION. 

Cavalry. Union. Confederate 

Corps, 1 

Divisions, 3 1 

Brigades, 8 7 

Regiments, &c., belonging to each army, .... 39 32 

Organizations on the field, 34 32 

Organizations engaged, 34 32 

Equivalent, in regiments, of those engaged, de- 
ducting absent companies, &c , 27| 

The same, deducting H'd Quarter Guards, &c, . 25 

Artillery. 

Brigades (Federal), or battalions (Confed.), . . 14 16 

Divisions, 3 

Brigades, or battalions with infantry, 7 9 

Brigades, or battalions (for infantry), in reserve, 5 6 

Brigades, or battalions with cavalry, 2 1 

Batteries, 73 69 

Batteries with infantry, . 37 35 

Battteries (for infantry), in reserve, 24 27 

Batteries for cavalry, 12 7 

Actual battery organizations, 67 J 69 

Actual batttery organizations engaged, .... 62 J (68 Bat.) 67 

Number of guns, 372 299 

Number of guns with infantry, 320 257 

Number of guns with cavalry, 52 42 

Number of guns present at. Gettysburg, .... 341 292 

Number of guns present for use on Infantry Field, 295 250 

Number of guns present for use on Cavalry Field, 46 42 
************* 

Entire number of commands belonging to army, 363 283 

Entire number of commands for service, .... 360 283 

Entire number of commands on or near the field, 353 274 

Entire number of commands engaged, 342 270 

Equivalent of commands engaged, in entire organ- 
izations of their class, 316 

States represented, 18 12 



81 



82 MONUMENTAL GETTYSBURG. 

The difference of two infantry commands, and one of cavalry, 
between the figures of the forces at or near Gettysburg, for ser- 
vice, and those of forces belonging to the Potomac army, is oc- 
casioned by the 15th New York (3 companies), and 50th New 
York, of the Engineer Corps, and the Oneida (N. Y.) cavalry, 
of the Signal Corps. These organizations in no way participated 
in the Gettysburg fight. The troops of the Engineer Corps were 
ordered to Washington, D. C, July 1st. 

No tabular statement can, by an enumeration of forces en-, 
gaged, give a very accurate presentation of the relative value of 
the different troops to a commander. On the roster of the Union 
army a few commands are marked, "not engaged," because they 
were employed in guarding trains. On the other hand, all the 
Sixth Corps troops are regarded as being " engaged," because 
they were present on the field, in line of battle, under fire, ready 
for any emergency that might arise. Yet, in Grant's Vermont 
brigade, the only casualty reported is one man wounded. The 
commands which, during a great battle, guard trains or, on pro- 
vost duty, prevent demoralization and skulking in the rear, are 
as essential to the plans of a commander, in his struggle for 
victory, as are those who make the headlong charge in the arena 
of conflict. Huey's cavalry brigade of the Union army was not 
on the field at all. They were just where Meade needed them 
for contingencies that might arise. 

Taken all in all, however, there have been few great combats 
of modern times, in which so nearly the total strength of both 
armies was tested to its utmost. Every available infantry com- 
mand and field-battery present was hotly engaged, except some 
of the regiments of the Sixth Corps and a few batteries in the 
Union army. In the cavalry and horse-artillery, there were a 
few commands of each force that were not required to do severe 
fighting. 



Memoranda. 83 

Note — The facts as to the organizations in the two armies, as presented in 
this work, are substantially those compiled under the direction of Brigadier- 
General Richard C Drum, Adjutant General, U. S. A , from the Federal and 
Confederate rolls and returns on file in the War Department. Of course, as 
far as the United States' forces are concerned, they are entirely full and ac- 
curate. The information obtained from the Confederate documents, in some 
cases, is not quite so complete. 

The figures as to the number of guns in each army, and their distribution, 
are those given by Gen. Hunt, Chief of Artillery in the Army of the Potomac, 
making the necessary additions for the section of two guns with Gregg, on the 
one hand ; and the two batteries with Jenkins and Imboden, on the other. 

J. H. W. 



Memoranda on Chapters II and III. 

It was Gen. Gordon, of Georgia, who had Gen. Barlow, of the Eleventh 
Corps, taken from the field, and who sent word to his wife, in the rear of 
Meade's army, 17 miles away. Although it was then 4 o'clock, p. m., July 
1st, she reached and passed through the Confederate lines at 2 o'clock the 
next morning. Gordon never knew that Barlow survived until he met him, 
years after, in the city of Washington. 

Brigadier-General William Smith, of Early's division, was the man famil- 
iarly known politically as "Extra Billy." At the time of the Gettysburg 
fight, Smith was Governor-elect of Virginia. His brigade, known as the 
"Light Brigade," had been commanded by both A. P. Hill and Jubal A. 
Early. Its last commander was Kyd Douglass, of Hagerstown, who, at Get- 
tysburg, was Adjutant-General of Johnson's division. It was the last infantry 
brigade of Lee's army to lay down its arms at Appomattox. 

The First Maryland battalion, of the Confederate army, was more generally 
known as the Second Maryland Infantry, although the former was its official 
title. 

Krzyzanowski, of the Eleventh Corps, a Pole by birth, died in New York 
city, Feb., 1887. 



